Absalom and Achitophel | John Dryden | Study Guide

Author: John Dryden

 

Year: Originally published in 1681

 

Type: Poem (epic)

 

Genre: Political satire

 

About Title:

"Absalom and Achitophel" is a political allegory written by John Dryden during the Exclusion Crisis in England. It allegorically tells the story of the rebellion against King David, using contemporary political figures and events as parallels.

 

Characters:

King David - Representing King Charles II of England

Absalom - Representing James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, illegitimate son of Charles II

Achitophel - Representing Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury, a political adversary of Charles II

Other biblical and historical figures are also allegorically represented.

Summary:

"Absalom and Achitophel" is a political allegory written by John Dryden in the late 17th century. The poem tells the story of King David and his rebellious son Absalom, but it's really a commentary on the political events of Dryden's time.

In the poem, King David represents King Charles II of England, and Absalom symbolizes Charles's illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth. Achitophel is a counselor to Absalom who plots to overthrow David and seize the throne for himself.

Achitophel's plan involves exploiting the dissatisfaction of the people and persuading them to rebel against David's rule. He uses manipulation and deceit to gather support for Absalom's cause.

However, David has his own loyal supporters, including the wise and virtuous advisor Nathan, who warns him of Achitophel's schemes. David also receives divine intervention, which helps him thwart the rebellion.

In the end, Absalom's rebellion fails, and he is killed in battle. Achitophel, realizing the futility of his efforts, takes his own life.

Through the characters of David, Absalom, and Achitophel, Dryden reflects on themes of loyalty, betrayal, and the consequences of political ambition. The poem serves as a cautionary tale about the dangers of rebellion and the importance of wise leadership.

Symbols: 

David's kingdom - Represents England

Absalom's rebellion - Represents the Exclusion Crisis and the political turmoil surrounding the succession to the English throne.

Achitophel's counsel - Represents the political machinations and schemes of Shaftesbury and his supporters.

Various biblical references and allegorical representations of contemporary political figures and events.

Themes:

Loyalty and betrayal: Explores the themes of loyalty to the crown and betrayal by political opportunists.

Political intrigue: Examines the complexities of political power and the manipulation of public opinion.

Divine right of kings: Reflects on the legitimacy of royal authority and the consequences of challenging it.

Satire and ridicule: Uses humor and sarcasm to criticize political figures and events of the time.

Overall Discussion:

"Absalom and Achitophel" is a significant work of English literature that not only serves as a commentary on the political climate of Restoration England but also demonstrates Dryden's mastery of satire and allegory. Through its portrayal of biblical characters in a contemporary political context, the poem offers insight into the power struggles and moral dilemmas inherent in politics. It remains relevant today as a timeless exploration of themes such as loyalty, betrayal, and the abuse of power.